Abuse of counter-terrorism methods by official bodies

April 4th, 2010

Universities unlawfully giving data to police, say Muslim students - The Federation of Student Islamic Societies (FOSIS) are advising students of their legal rights following disclosure that universities have been illegally providing counter-terrorism police with personal details that breaches the 1998 Data Protection Act, The Muslim News has exclusively learnt.

CIA given details of British Muslim students - Personal information concerning the private lives of almost 1,000 British Muslim university students is to be shared with US intelligence agencies in the wake of the Detroit bomb scare.

Over 250000 terrorist stop-searches in UK last year - British police carried out more than a quarter of a million stop and searches under the country’s terrorism laws last year, according to provisional figures.

Manchester, UK: Muslim women barred from flight for refusing ‘naked’ full-body scan

March 29th, 2010

Manchester: Muslim women barred from flight for refusing ‘naked’ full-body scan

A Muslim woman was barred from boarding a flight to Pakistan after refusing to go through a new ‘naked’ full-body scanner at Manchester Airport on religious grounds.


Her companion also declined to be scanned for ‘medical reasons’.


The women were travelling together to Islamabad when they were selected to pass through the controversial security screen after checking-in at terminal two at the airport.

Both told airport staff they were not willing to be scanned. They were warned they would not be allowed to board the Pakistan International Airlines flight if they refused.


The pair decided they would rather forfeit their £400 tickets and left the airport with their luggage.


They are the first passengers to refuse to pass through one of the £80,000 scanners, introduced at Heathrow and Manchester airports on February 5.


The X-ray machines allow security staff to see a ‘naked’ image of passengers to show up hidden weapons and explosives.


Manchester Airport confirmed the passengers had refused to be scanned but said it had received no complaint from the women.


However, civil liberties campaigners say the incident could form the basis of a legal test case to challenge the use of the Rapiscan device in airports.

(…)

Councillor Afzal Khan, who was Manchester’s first Asian lord mayor, said the vast majority of Muslims believed that any privacy concerns should be outweighed by ensuring they are safe when flying.

He said: ‘Hundreds of Muslim passengers have gone through without a problem. While I appreciate people’s concerns for privacy, these steps are necessary for our safety and security.’


A Manchester Airport spokesman said: ‘Two female passengers who were booked to fly out of Terminal Two refused to be scanned for medical and religious reasons.


‘In accordance with the government directive on scanners, they were not permitted to fly.


‘Body scanning is a big change for customers and we are aware that privacy concerns are on our customers’s minds, which is why we have put strict procedures in place to reassure them that their privacy will be protected.’

http://islamineurope.blogspot.com/2010/03/manchester-muslim-women-barred-from.html

Liverpool, UK: Police to ride school buses to save girls from racism

February 27th, 2010

POLICE officers are being drafted on to Merseyside school buses to stop Muslim pupils being racially abused.

The problems centre around verbal attacks on hijab- wearing girls at West Derby’s Holly Lodge Girls’ College. Last night, bus drivers who are accused of refusing to stop for the veil-wearing Muslim pupils in order to avoid trouble were also branded “racist”.

The Daily Post can reveal police officers will now board the buses to protect the school girls from the “racist” taunts of other passengers.

A probe was launched after concerned female members of Liverpool’s Muslim community highlighted the abuse of pupils travelling to Holly Lodge to police.

Police chiefs have since held talks with travel authority Merseytravel and the Muslim community.

Complaints are contained within a Merseyside Police Authority report that “young Muslim women are targeted by racists on the way to Holly Lodge School” and “often buses won’t stop” for the girls “easily identified by their veils”.

Merseyside police last night said community police officers would now board buses in the area to deter the racism and would work with city schools to remind pupils “racial abuse is a criminal offence.”

But police stressed the issue of drivers failing to stop for the girls was a matter for Merseytravel.

Merseytravel said it condemned “all acts of racism” and, after probing the claims, has “now drawn up an action plan to deal with and prevent any further incidents”. It was not, however, able to release details of the measures which might be implemented.

Members of the Muslim community said the problem was a long-running one.

Amina Ismail was approached by Holly Lodge pupils while overseeing a widening participation event for Hope University last year.

Ms Ismail, now employed by Liverpool John Moores University, said: “They said people driving past were being abusive because they were wearing the hijab (head scarf) at the bus stops on Queens Drive or West Derby Road.”

She said bus drivers refusing to stop were “cowardly” and that “they should not push their own personal prejudices on young people.”

And with pupils now frequently travelling farther afield to the school of their choice, she urged people to “see past the scarf or skin colour and look beyond this”.

Around 10% of the 1,274 Holly Lodge pupils on roll are from ethnic minorities, and the school has won praise from Ofsted for its “promotion of equality and diversity”.

Head teacher Julia Tinsley said: “There have been a small number of cases where ignorant people have directed racist comments at our pupils while they are on buses. It is completely unacceptable and very upsetting for those involved and we have provided support to those affected.

“We welcome the assistance from Merseyside Police in tackling the mindless minority who think it is acceptable to make racist comments.”

Merseyside Police Authority committee member and city councillor, Paul Clein, said any driver deliberately failing to stop was “guilty of racism and bullying”.

But Colin Carr, regional advisor for the North West branch of giant union Unite – whose members include bus drivers – said he would be surprised if they were failing to stop.

“The union would condemn this kind of action, and equality and diversity is something we promote across the spectrum,” he said.

A Merseyside police spokesman said the force was committed to tackling racism and added: “We will be putting police community support officers on public buses during the periods these incidents are happening to reassure passengers and deter would-be offenders. CCTV will be routinely checked following allegations of any criminal offence.”

The police are also looking at ways for people to anonymously pass on information so they could catch the culprits.

http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-news/regional-news/2010/02/26/police-to-ride-school-buses-to-save-girls-from-racism-92534-25918777/

66% of Brits support ban on niqab!

January 27th, 2010

Most people in Britain hold a critical opinion on the (niqab) veils worn by some Muslim women, according to a poll by Angus Reid Public Opinion. 67 per cent of respondents say that garments that conceal a woman’s face represent an affront to British values, while 25 per cent disagree with this notion. However, 58 per cent of respondents believe the government should not be allowed to tell individuals what they can and cannot wear.

Angus Reid Global Monitor, 27 January 2010

Full poll here

Unfortunately, the apparently reassuring opposition to state interference didn’t prevent 66% of respondents backing a ban on the niqab in public places, 75% a ban in schools and universities and 85% a ban at airports.

http://www.islamophobia-watch.com/islamophobia-watch/2010/1/27/uk-poll-66-per-cent-back-ban-on-niqab-in-public-places.html

When is a racist hate crime not a racist hate crime?

January 24th, 2010

When is a racist hate crime not a racist hate crime?

When no-one dies, or nothing racist is shouted or the whole building doesn’t go up in flames… but anything short of this is not a hate crime, apparently. Just hide behind a good lawyer and you’ll be all right:

————-

A teenager who petrol bombed a mosque has escaped a jail sentence after it was judged not to be a race hate crime.

Peter Clark, from Livingston, set fire to Livingston Mosque and Community Centre in West Lothian with a beer bottle filled with petrol.

Members of the mosque stamped out the fire before police were called in.

Clark, 19, appeared before Livingston Sheriff Court and was fined £400. He was also ordered to pay the mosque £60 in compensation.

Fiscal depute Victoria Greening told the court that members of the mosque found the smouldering remains of the bottle smashed against a door at the back of the religious building on 17 August, 2008.

The bottle was taken away for analysis and the DNA proved a match to Clark who had earlier denied any knowledge of the fire.

It was an act of profound foolishness, nothing more, nothing less than that
Ian Bryce
Clark’s solicitor

In mitigation, Clark told the court that he had been having problems with his pregnant girlfriend and had also learned that his father was not his biological dad.

He said he had turned to drink and had been walking through woods when he came across a green container with petrol in it.

Clark said he set fire to some of the petrol before filling a beer bottle with more of it.

The father-of-one said he tried to throw it at the fence of the mosque but missed and hit the building.

Ms Greening said: “There is no indication that this was a racially motivated crime.”

Clark’s solicitor, Ian Bryce, said his client was not a racist and he was not acting in a racist manner.

“It was an act of profound foolishness, nothing more, nothing less than that,” Mr Bryce added.

Sheriff Alan Miller said: “You are very lucky really.

“This incident could have turned out to be so much more serious than it did had the fire really taken effect or had there been injury to people as well as damage to premises.”

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/edinburgh_and_east/8476002.stm

Minaret bans - percentages for and against

December 25th, 2009

Here is a summary of the polls showing the percentage of the general population who would support a ban against the building of minarets and those who would vote against such a ban.

UK: 37% support ban, 25% against
- London: 75% support ban,
USA: 21% support ban, 19% against
Canada: 27% support ban, 35% against
Czech Republic: 78% support ban,
Slovakia: 80% support ban
Belgium: 59% support ban
France: 46 - 55% support ban, 40 - 45% against
Sweden: 25% support ban, 44% against
Austria: 31% support ban, 60% against
Italy: 46% support ban, 37% against
Denmark: 51% support ban, 34% against
Norway: 46% support ban, 54% against
Finland: 31% support ban, 54% against
Germany: 44% support ban, 45% against
Holland (Netherlands): 40% support ban. 56% against

Sources:
http://islamineurope.blogspot.com/2009/12/78-of-czechs-70-of-slovaks-oppose.html
http://www.islamophobia-watch.com/islamophobia-watch/2009/12/22/37-per-cent-support-ban-on-minarets-in-uk-25-per-cent-agains.html
http://islamineurope.blogspot.com/2009/12/belgium-majority-oppose-mosques-and.html
http://islamineurope.blogspot.com/2009/12/france-41-oppose-more-mosques-46-oppose.html
http://islamineurope.blogspot.com/2009/12/austrians-oppose-minaret-ban-italians.html
http://islamineurope.blogspot.com/2009/12/more-polls-on-minaret-bans.html
http://europenews.dk/en/node/28067

British Muslims - two stories

December 17th, 2009

Britain is ‘more sympathetic towards Islam than other European countries’: http://www.islamophobia-watch.com/islamophobia-watch/2009/12/14/britain-is-more-sympathetic-towards-islam-than-other-europea.html

More than a million Muslims have migrated to Britain because it is more sympathetic towards Islam than other European countries, a study has found. There are now some 1.1million Muslim immigrants in the UK, according to the report by IPPR, the Blairite think tank. It means around 46 per cent of Britain’s 2.4million-strong Muslim population were not born in this country.

The IPPR report found that over the past decade, there has been an increase of 275,000 in the number of British residents born in Pakistan or Bangladesh – twice the population of Oxford. The number of Somali-born residents has also shot up, from fewer than 40,000 in 1999 to 106,700 this year.

Sir Andrew Green, chairman of Migrationwatch, said: “The rapid rise in the Muslim population is just one way in which mass immigration promoted, even encouraged, by this Government has affected the whole nature of society.”

British Muslims most patriotic: http://islamineurope.blogspot.com/2009/12/uk-british-muslims-most-patriotic.html

Muslims in Britain are the most patriotic in Europe — but more than a quarter in some parts of the country still do not feel British, according to a new study.

The report, funded by George Soros, the billionaire philanthropist, found that on average 78% of Muslims identified themselves as British, although this dropped by six points in east London.

This compares with 49% of Muslims who consider themselves French and just 23% who feel German.

The findings, based on more than 2,000 detailed interviews, suggest that Muslims may be better integrated in Britain than in other parts of the European Union.

The report will reopen the debate about the merits of multiculturalism, a policy that has actively promoted cultural and religious differences among minorities in Britain but has been criticised as a barrier to integration by Trevor Phillips, chairman of the Equality and Human Rights Commission.

France prides itself on its secular notion of citizenship and has banned Muslim pupils from wearing the hijab, or headscarf, in classrooms. Yet the study, by the Open Society Institute, found only 41% of Muslims in Paris see themselves as French.

The report appears to contradict previous research in the UK suggesting some Muslims are failing to embrace British values.

The sins of the father - Court refuses bin Laden’s son entry to Britain

December 17th, 2009

A bid by one of Osama bin Laden’s sons to visit Britain was rejected by an immigration tribunal on Thursday amid questions about his proposed marriage to a British woman and his attitude to his father.

Omar bin Laden, 28, lost his appeal against Britain’s refusal in April 2008 to allow him to move here with British-born Zaina al-Sabah, 54, who he claimed to have married in 2007.

The deputy president of the asylum and immigration tribunal, Mark Ockelton, said their union “was not to be regarded as valid in English law,” partly because they were both married to other people at the time.

Ockelton added that he was “not satisfied” that the pair, who met in September 2006, had any intention of marrying or living together.

In rejecting Omar’s request last year, British authorities in Egypt, where the couple were living, cited as one reason his “continuing loyalty” to his father and said his presence in Britain could cause “public concern.”

Ockelton said a person’s parents should not count against them in deciding whether they were allowed into Britain or now, but said Omar’s view that his father was not a terrorist “might cause concern.”

“It seems to me that the presence in the United Kingdom of a person closely related to Osama bin Laden and expressing the views that the appellant does express would be likely to cause public disquiet and perhaps public disorder,” he said.

Omar is the fourth of 11 children by his father’s first wife and one of reportedly 19 fathered by the man who claimed responsibility for the Sept. 11, 2001 attacks on the United States.

He has claimed not to have seen his father since 2000.

http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2009/12/04/93178.html

Not Jewish but “Jew-ish”

December 8th, 2009

I thought this was a really interesting article about the state of Jews in the UK. We share a lot of similarities with them as a  community because we’re also a minority faith-based group following the Abrahamic way. This sort of liberalisation is occurring in our communities as well - people are becoming “Muslim-ish” - albeit at a different rate. Anyway…

Jonathan Margolis enjoys a decidedly non-kosher bacon bagel. Photograph: Graeme Robertson

Some people ask me if we can meet up. They know I’m Jewish. They’re wondering if I might like to write about, maybe even get a little bit involved with, something called the Jewish Community Centre for London.

And no, I wouldn’t, really. Fine, this community centre has just got planning permission, it’s costing a lot, it’ll be a beautiful building near Hampstead, it’s going to open in 2013 and it’ll have amazing activities for people to celebrate their heritage and all that. But it’s all rather earnest – a bit, I don’t know, Jewish for me. The truth is, and this is probably a bad thing, but I’d be more excited if a new Apple Store were opening in my town.

I explain that I like being a Jew, but apart from looking as if I’m playing a character role as an accountant, being unable to stop using words such as schlep and plutz and loving chopped liver, I’m so un-Jewish that I’ve only once in 20 years been to my local synagogue.

“I’ll tell you what,” I say. “You get Larry David to open it and I’m in.”

“If we could,” they reply, “he’d be perfect.”

I’ve no idea how observant a Jew the real Larry David is, but the Larry he plays in Curb Your Enthusiasm is my sort of Jew – in it but not into it, enjoying the culture, the humour, the hypochondria, the Yiddish-isms, the argumentativeness, the curious, sceptical take on the world – but weirded out by the inward-looking-ness and the religious stuff.

“You mean,” I said, “this is a centre for people who are more Jew-ish, than Jewish?”

“Precisely,” they say.

So I agree to go along to the JCC when it opens. But what I really want to write about is being Jew-ish. This is a term that I wish I’d invented rather than the veteran doctor-slash-theatre-producer, Jonathan Miller, years ago. He also referred to being “an amphibious Jew – half in and half out of the water”.

We are those cop-out, fair-weather Jews that “real” Jews despise more than they do antisemites: the secular, cultural Jews, the amoral majority, the ones who want to have their bagel and eat it. The ones who, with their marrying out, their going to the pub on Yom Kippur and to the football on Saturdays, and – God forbid – with their ambivalent view of the Middle East, are doing Hitler’s work for him and conspiring in the erosion of the already disappearing UK Jewish community – currently about 250,000 and counting, downwards.

Leaving aside what’s supposed to be wrong with having your cake and eating it (what else are you supposed to do with a cake? Frame it? Bury it?), I can’t help feeling the time has come for us race traitors, half-breeds and “apathites” to stand up for ourselves.

Apart from the not insignificant point that being a Jew is largely an inherited condition, it seems perfectly adapted to being an “–ish”. I even wonder if the etymology of the word Jewish has developed to allow my race/creed/orientation/whatever to be available in Lite. There aren’t many other things you can be born into where you can choose to live the “–ish” version rather than be an “-ist” or follow an “–ism”. All we Jew-ish Jews do is to elect for the Ultra Lite option.

For us, the cool thing about being born a Jew is you can do it as much or as little, as well or as badly, as you like. You can be professional, amateur or pro-am. This understandably pisses off the pros, who marry a fellow full-timer, know all the stuff in the manual and keep up with all the latest fads. Which is why, for the Jew-ish, this community centre thing (which exists in most American cities) is rather attractive. It’s like an Emirates Stadium where we rank amateurs will be able to come and play a little bit without being laughed off the pitch.

Jew-ish is different, you see, from lapsed. You can’t lapse from being a Jew like you can from other things. Plenty of German Jews in the 1930s thought that simply saying they were no longer interested would get them off the hook with the Nazis; it didn’t. And we, the Jew-ish, have no wish to deny our heritage. As much as the pros deride us as dilettantes, we deride Jews who pretend they’re not Jews, change their name to Featherstonehaugh and take up hunting. Apart from being ugly, it never quite works.

But being Jew-ish is just as hard as going the whole – you should excuse me – hog. Even here in lovely, tolerant multi-ethnic Britain, I’ve been persecuted plenty, both physically and verbally, for being a Jew, albeit a secular, beer-drinking, bacon-eating “-ish” rather than one of those Jews identifiable by way of hats, hairstyles and habits.

I don’t pretend any of what I’ve experienced is more than an inconvenience, an irritant in the scheme of racist things, but at school in the 60s and 70s I was still physically beaten and tormented by larger boys despite, oddly, my having a reputation as a pretty vicious rugby player. The theme of these locker room Jew-bating sessions – which didn’t abate when I squealed that I “wasn’t practising” – confused me then as now. The reason for the violence was, apparently, that we Jews were at the same time unacceptably rich and flashy and unacceptably poor and miserly. It was, I see now, a writ-small version of the confused Nazi paradigm of the Jew as both arch-capitalist and arch-communist.

One of the leading antisemites of that time is now, I see from his website, a cuddly-looking junior school head teacher in the home counties; I’d love to know more about his school’s anti-racism policies. Another enthusiastic race hate merchant became – obviously – a police officer. Another would snarl about me being a “half-caste” as he was repeatedly sitting on me and punching me in the face – which, even from my undignified position under him, I found ironic since he was half-Indian.

At university there was nothing physical, apart some snide comments from an esteemed philosophy tutor about my having a car, which I’d paid for with money earned in my gap year (”Daddy’s money, is it?”) – oh, and a snarled, spittle-flecked Holocaust denial from a leading member of the Young Liberals, who later became a publicist for Colonel Gaddafi.

At work on a regional newspaper in Yorkshire, “Jewish” as insult was replaced by the now more fashionable “Zionist”. One of our NUJ officials once came over to my desk to complain about a suit he’d bought in Manchester “from one of your Zionist brethren”. That kind of thing was common.

Even today, when anti-Zionism is so hip, I hear the odd, faint echo of the old-style, non-PC antisemitism. A dear old colleague who lives in the country mentioned bibulously at a party the other day that he had become great friends with a Jewish family that had moved into his village. “Of course, everybody else hates them,” he said. Obviously.

So don’t tell me that being Jew-ish rather than a full-on Jew is a ­ cowardly cop-out. As far as avoiding antisemitism is concerned, being merely and meekly Jew-ish doesn’t help at all.

Anyway, being Jew-ish has less to do with forgetting your roots than trying to have as little as possible to do with the more unruly shoots. I thoroughly enjoy and celebrate my culture, but I am deeply contemptuous of the madness and hypocrisy that has sprouted up in the organised religion, as it does in most cults. And I say this even though some of my best friends are frum and I’m a completely fake agnostic, because I still quietly recite the Shema when things get awkward.

What we, the Jew-ish, find offensive, especially from people who market themselves as being intelligent and questioning, is the literal interpretation of ancient petty rules and regulations, and subsequent attempts by the ultra-competitive to out-devout their fellow Jews by coming up with new, even more arcane policies. We’re not talking about the proper Ten Commandments here, but bylaws such as the rules on kosher food, which made sense before there were fridges, but don’t any more. Following these laws to the letter and beyond is, for us, like driving a petrol car 100 years from now on some kind of principle.

With this kosher business, it gets worse. There’s a whole subsection of kosher food now called “glatt kosher” for those who don’t think the 5,000-year-old food rules go far enough. The specifics of what makes meat glatt kosher are too tedious to go into, but this, surely, is just about one-upmanship and showing off, not theology? I don’t know much about God, we’ve not met, but I am confident that if he or she exists, they wouldn’t give a toss about what I eat. Only petty bureaucratic-type people could envisage a God who is a petty rule-book-waving bureaucrat.

A far bigger issue for the Jew-ish than silly, pedantic food fad minutiae is, of course, Israel. This, we find supremely troubling. We refuse to support it uncritically. We hate some of the stuff Israel does. But we can’t help feeling uncomfortable when people who aren’t Jews criticise the country; it seems, if only very exceptionally, to be tinged with a little bit of old-fashioned Jew-hating.

I have a possibly over-optimistic, glass half-full Jew-ish take on this. The reason Israel is singled out for hatred, I like to think, is positive; it’s because the world expects better of Jews. The problem is that Israel isn’t a monolithic entity; it contains all sorts of views on what that society should be. The things I as a Jew-ish leftie love (yes, love) about the place – its intellectualism, its remaining socialist ethic, the directness of its people and so on – are the very things other, more Jewish Jews, hate. The last time I visited a kibbutz, which used to be the epitome (for both the Jew-ish and the rest of the west) of the good Israel, there were no Jews under 70 living there. What’s more, all the young volunteers were blond German and Danish idealists.

So has being merely Jew-ish rather than a proper Jew, marrying a woman who was half-Jewish, half-Methodist, and eating non-kosher food these five decades thwarted my children’s option to be Jews, and by doing so played its part in the slow decline of Britain’s Jewish population? In an odd way, it hasn’t entirely.

Our elder daughter was several months into her relationship with her long-term Cornish boyfriend when she (and he) discovered he was, through his mother’s line, more Jewish than she is. Their children, then, will be Jew-ish-ish, at least by birth. I continue to find it almost spooky that these two found each other. Our son a few weeks ago looked seriously into starting a website for the Jew-ish: working title, The Bacon Bagel. And our younger daughter has this last month been leading a campaign at Sussex University against a new campus ban on Israeli goods – theme of the campaign: it’s all very well, but why Israel alone? Shouldn’t the students also ban Chinese, American, Sri Lankan and dozens of other countries’ goods?

The last she heard from the union hierarchy on this score was that to ban American or Chinese products would be, get this, “inconvenient”. She is more enraged than I have ever known her about this frank and alarming admission that campus anti-Zionism is, at least for the students who aren’t actually Palestinian, a fashion accessory like those chainstore black-and-white keffiyeh scarves.

All this activity by our Jew-ish-ish children seems to suggest our particular Jew-ish line might limp on for a while yet, rather than collapse in an apathetic heap. The point is that in our own way, we Jew-ish people are actually proud of being Jews. The biggest thrill I’ve had in a while was discovering recently that I’m on the BNP’s Jews-in-the-media hate list. That is an unbelievable honour, although the details could use a little updating, lads.

But the thing I love best about being part – albeit a peripheral, out-of-step part – of this culture is that when this piece appears, there’ll be uproar. The Jewish Jews will say I’m a typical self-hating Jew (as Larry David says, I’ve plenty to hate about myself without being a Jew coming into it). The Jews who deny being Jews will say I’m a typical self-obsessed Jew. The antisemites will say I’m a just a typical bloody Jew.

And yet the amazing thing is, I won’t be excommunicated or fatwa-ed by frum Jews. There’s no mechanism for it, and not a lot of desire for it, even from the fundamentalists among us. The worst that might happen is I won’t be invited to a couple of Passover suppers next year. More likely, I’ll be asked on to platform debates to discuss whether the Jew-ish are really Jews.

And if I die tomorrow, my people will still bury me like a proper Jew – in the prayer shawl I got for my barmitzvah. I’ll be given a traditional farewell by my friend the rabbi, whom I’ve asked in advance to fly over from New York to officiate at my funeral.

He may not have been the most observant Jew, my friend will doubtless say. In fact, he was a very naughty boy. But at least he was Jew-ish.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/nov/30/jewish-judaism-jonathan-margolis

How Britain got the hots for curry

November 28th, 2009

The British have long enjoyed food with a bit of bite. And 200 years ago, an Indian migrant opened Britain’s first curry house to cater for the fashion for spicy food.

“Indian dishes, in the highest perfection… unequalled to any curries ever made in England.” So ran the 1809 newspaper advert for a new eating establishment in an upmarket London square popular with colonial returnees.

These were curries made with coriander seeds, salt, peppercorns and lemon juice
Janet Clarke

Diners at the Hindostanee Coffee House could smoke hookah pipes and recline on bamboo-cane sofas as they tucked into spicy meat and vegetable dishes.

This was the country’s first dedicated Indian restaurant, opened by an entrepreneurial migrant by the name of Dean Mahomed.

But Britons already had a taste for curry. A handful of coffee houses served curries alongside their usual fare, and in the gracious homes of returnees, ladies attempted to recreate dishes and condiments their families enjoyed on the sub-continent.

Some wrote out their own recipes; others may have used one of the many editions of Hannah Glasse’s The Art of Cookery, first published in 1747, which contained recipes for curries and pilaus.

1950 circa 1955: Popadoms, curried okra, raita, rice and kofta served with chutneys and fresh fruit

A 1950s curry banquet

“The first recipes were very mild, using more herbs than spices,” says antiquarian bookseller Janet Clarke, who specialises in gastronomic titles. “These were curries and pilaus made with coriander seeds, salt, peppercorns and lemon juice.”

By the 19th Century, ginger, cayenne, turmeric, cumin and fenugreek had been added to the mix. “I have tried making these old recipes myself - they are wonderful.”

Piccalilli is an early English attempt at Indian pickle; kedgeree’s origins are more ambiguous, but this colonial-era dish uses Indian spices.

Food historian Ivan Day says cooking methods also differed. “The British didn’t really get the idea of frying the meat in ghee or another fat. Rather than the fresh spices available in India, these had been on a boat for half a year.”

Spicy mix

Peter Groves, co-founder of National Curry Week, which started on Sunday, says the Western taste for spicy foods developed centuries earlier. “All the spices of the East came back with the people who fought in the Crusades.”

OED DEFINITION OF MASALA
Cooking curry
A mixture of ground spices, sometimes blended with water or vinegar to make a paste, used in Indian cookery
A person who or thing which comprises a highly varied mixture of elements
Indian English: Piquancy, pep, vigour, excitement

The lucrative spice trade prompted various European powers to establish their presence in India, either through trading companies or colonisation.

This “masala” of cultures, and the Mughal conquest of India, resulted in hybrid creations, including Persian-inspired biryani and vindaloo, a Goan version of a Portuguese meat dish.

Indians tend to label dishes by specific names like korma and dopiaza. “Curry is a catch-all term,” says Dr Lizzie Collingham, author of Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors. “It’s easy shorthand for ‘what Indians eat’.”

One theory suggests the word comes “kari”, Tamil for sauce. However, an English cookbook, The Forme of Cury, was published in the 1390s. (Read it online with Project Gutenberg )

“All hot food of the time was referred to as cury. It came from the French word ‘cuire’ which means to cook.”

Exotic tastes

A 19th Century account records the British in India eating curry for breakfast, lunch and dinner.

Plaque marking location of first curry house

A plaque marks the spot

Yet within three years of opening the Hindostanee in London, its proprietor, Mr Mahomed, applied for bankruptcy.

“It was a good restaurant but the climate was wrong,” says Mr Groves. “People didn’t go out to eat then. They tended to have their own chef or do cooking at home.”

The restaurant carried on until 1833, but under different ownership.

The British enthusiasm for all things Indian spread to the expanding middle classes over the 19th Century.

“Queen Victoria made it very fashionable, as she had an Indian staff who cooked Indian food every day,” says Mr Day. At Osborne House, Victoria - the Empress of India - built an Indian-themed state room decorated by an eminent architect of the Punjab.

CURRY SCENE in VANITY FAIR
“Give Miss Sharp some curry, my dear,” said Mr Sedley, laughing.
Rebecca had never tasted the dish before.
“Do you find it as good as everything else from India?” said Mr. Sedley.
“Oh, excellent!” said Rebecca, who was suffering tortures with the cayenne pepper.
“Try a chili with it, Miss Sharp,” said Joseph, really interested.
“A chili,” said Rebecca, gasping. “Oh yes!” She thought a chili was something cool, as its name imported, and was served with some. “How fresh and green they look,” she said, and put one into her mouth.

Curry became so popular, an 1852 cookbook stated “few dinners are thought complete unless one is on the table”. Novelist William Thackeray - who was born in Calcutta - penned a Poem to Curry, and inflicted a blisteringly hot curry on his anti-heroine Becky Sharp in Vanity Fair.

But the interest in curry cooled after 1857 when Indian soldiers rebelled against British rule in the subcontinent.

“[Curry’s popularity] recovered by the 1870s when Prime Minister Disraeli decided to make empire a part of his politics,” says Dr Collingham.

India became the brightest jewel in the crown, but Mr Groves says British culinary interests were turning from East to West. “Everyone who was anybody had French chefs.”

Curry and chips

“At the beginning of the 20th Century, curry was not very popular,” says Dr Collingham. “It was not well-to-do to have a house that smells of curry.”

Instead, the British diet was dominated by red meat, accompanied by home-grown vegetables such as cabbage and potatoes.

Fish and chips

Curry sauce with that?

At the same time, a number of Indian sailors jumped ship or were dumped at major ports including Cardiff and London. These seamen from Sylhet - now a region in Bangladesh - opened cafes, mainly to cater for fellow Asians.

“They were self-taught but they cleverly adapted themselves to the British palate,” says Mr Groves.

And in the 1940s, they bought bombed-out chippies and cafes, says Ms Collingham, selling curry and rice alongside fish, pies and chips. “They stayed open really late to make money to catch the after-pub trade.”

And so the ritual of the post-pub curry was born.

“It took quite a long time for the British to recover from World War II,” says Ms Collingham. “They were willing and more open to try new things.”

After 1971, there was an influx of Bangladeshis following war in their homeland, particularly to London’s rundown East End. Many entered the catering trade, and today they dominate the curry industry.

Curry under street sign for Brick Lane

Just one of the UK’s curry hotspots

“They own 65-75% of the Indian restaurants in the country. Without their input and hard work, we wouldn’t have the curry industry that we have today,” says Mr Groves.

An industry so popular the then foreign secretary Robin Cook described chicken tikka masala as “a true British national dish” - and yet another example of an Indian recipe modified for British tastes.

Ms Collingham says ultimately, the British love affair with curry boils down to the imagined glamour of the Raj.

“India has a certain magic because of the colonial relationship.”

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8370054.stm - The comments on this page are worth checking out… anyone else hungry right now?